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Swelling and bleeding of the gums are common indicators of periodontal disease. This condition typically arises when plaque, a sticky film of bacteria, accumulates on the teeth and irritates the surrounding gum tissue. As the disease progresses, the inflammation can lead to symptoms such as swollen gums that may bleed during brushing or flossing. This is a critical sign of gingivitis, the earliest stage of periodontal disease, which can progress to more severe forms if left untreated, potentially resulting in the loss of tooth-supporting structures.

In contrast, yellowing of the teeth is generally associated with extrinsic factors such as food stains or intrinsic conditions rather than periodontal disease. Sensitivity to hot and cold often points to dental caries or tooth damage rather than periodontal problems. Bright white spots on teeth are usually indicative of enamel demineralization or hypocalcification, which are not signs of periodontal disease. Thus, recognizing swollen and bleeding gums as a primary symptom is essential for early diagnosis and intervention in periodontal health.