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The commonly used materials for filling cavities include composite resin, amalgam, and glass ionomer because they are specifically designed for restorative dental procedures.

Composite resin is a tooth-colored material that provides a natural appearance and can be bonded directly to the tooth structure, making it ideal for aesthetic areas while also providing good strength and durability.

Amalgam is a mixture of metals, primarily silver, mercury, tin, and copper, known for its longevity and strength, especially in posterior teeth that endure considerable chewing forces. Its properties make it suitable for filling large cavities where durability is crucial.

Glass ionomer is another effective material for cavity fillings, particularly in areas where esthetics are less important. It releases fluoride, which can help protect the tooth from further decay and is often used for fillings in primary teeth or as a base beneath other restorative materials.

These three materials represent the most commonly utilized options in dentistry due to their effectiveness, adaptability, and the specific benefits they provide in terms of longevity and patient care.